Electrical distribution losses remain a critical challenge in power networks, especially in densely populated areas with aging or substandard infrastructure. This study investigates the nature and extent of distribution losses in the ZESCO network, focusing on Chipulukusu Compound in Ndola. The aim of this study was to evaluate impact of distribution power losses on energy delivery and proposing appropriate mitigation strategies. A survey design which used both quantitative and qualitative aspects of research was used in the study. Data collection methods included meter readings, thermographic scanning, transformer and line inspection sheets, as well as questionnaires and interviews administered to both ZESCO staff and clients. The study population comprised 7,595 customers: 7,142 residential, 63 social (e.g., schools, hospitals), and 390 commercial clients. The sample consisted of 1,500 residential clients, 30 social clients, 150 commercial clients, and 15 Zesco staff members from operations, maintenance, protection, and commercial departments. Additionally, 23 out of 33 distribution transformers in the area were inspected. Data were analyzed using the STATA statistical software. The findings revealed that unbalanced transformer loading accounted for 91% of technical losses, leading to transformer overheating, insulation failure, and phase-specific outages-particularly affecting customers connected to the yellow and blue phases. Copper conductor theft contributed to 65% of non-technical losses, while 50% of residential clients were vending electricity worth ZMK 100 or less per month, largely due to frequent outages, compared to those vending between ZMK 100 and ZMK 500 who had more stable supply. Additional non-technical loss factors included the misuse of residential power for commercial purposes and illegal connections, particularly in market areas. The study recommends that ZESCO adopt regular transformer load balancing and preventive maintenance to minimize technical failures. Furthermore, community awareness campaigns should be intensified to reduce theft and discourage unauthorized commercial use in residential areas. The government is also urged to implement regulatory mechanisms for the disposal and trade of scrap metal to curb the illicit sale of stolen copper conductors.

Full text: IJEIR_2993_FINAL.pdf